The Crucifixion of Jesus

Endnotes:

The age of the Shroud can be estimated to between 1300 and 3000 years old.  See, Raymond N. Rogers, “Studies on the radiocarbon sample form the shroud of turin,” Thermochimica Acta 425 (2005) 192.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2004.09.029  http://www.shroud.it/ROGERS-3.PDF 

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How the thread was produced (Z-spun, i.e. spindle rotating clockwise) indicates the Shroud was from European (northern provinces) rather than middle eastern or African provinces.   The alternate spin type, S-spun (spindle rotating counterclockwise), was used in north Africa and the eastern provinces and would have been the case with cloth made in Judea.  J.P. Wild, The Textile Manufacture in the Northern Roman Provinces. Cambridge University Press. 1970.  p 38

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The Shroud of Turin was not manufactured in Jerusalem, evidenced by the absence of Z-spun thread and herringbone weave textiles in 1st century Jewish archeological research.  For the Shroud of Turin to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ it must have been imported, therefore. A burial textile from the first century CE in Jerusalem compared to roman textiles in the land of Israel and the Turin Shroud | SHS Web of Conferences (shs conferences.org) https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2015/02/shsconf_atsi2014_00010/shsconf_atsi2014_00010.html

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The Shroud of Turin may have been imported from Rome suggested by the Z-spun thread and herringbone weave. A fragment of herringbone weave cloth was found in a 1st century Roman-British tomb, but none have been found in period Jerusalem tombs. (PDF) Textiles and textile production in Europe. From Prehistory to AD 400 / Switzerland : Neolithic period | Fabienne Médard - Academia.edu  p. 448.  Also, there was a large expatriate Jewish population in Rome during the 1st century, 10% of the population by some estimates, enough to support export trade. https://aish.com/the-surge-of-converts-to-judaism-in-ancient-rome/ .